What is dog Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is the most common medical neurological disorder in dogs. The term epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures resulting from an abnormality in brain function.

Seizure description is the most critical information needed for the diagnosis of canine epilepsies.  There are two basic types of seizures, generalized and focal. Generalized seizures involve both sides of the brain at the onset, and are characterized by clinical signs apparent on both sides of the body. Most generalized seizures manifest as bilateral involuntary muscle movements or sudden losses or increases in muscle tone. During a generalized seizure, an individual’s awareness of the environment is typically impaired, and salivation, urination and/or defecation can occur.  Focal seizures originate in a discrete area of the brain, and are characterized by signs that affect a single side or specific part of the body.  Focal seizures can present with abnormal motor activity (facial twitches, chewing movements, paddling of a limb), behavioral signs (fear, attention seeking), and/or changes in autonomic functions (pupil dilation, salivation, vomiting). Awareness may or may not be impaired during focal seizures.  A focal seizure can spread to both sides of the brain and become generalized.

When observing seizures, it is important for dog owners to keep a diary of detailed information including:

1) affected body parts 2) when seizures occur 3) how often seizures occur, and 4) how long they last (see attached diary template for record keeping). Veterinarians and owners should also pay close attention to how dogs behave immediately after a seizure. Although some animals will quickly return to normal, during the postictal period, others will experience difficulties standing or moving; blindness; sedation, anxiety or other changes in behavior. These symptoms may last for varying amounts of time, and can affect treatment choice.